Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os
<p><strong>"Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies" </strong>is a scientific-theoretical journal that covers the current issues of the fields of Oriental studies, the results of researches created by Oriental experts, and new scientific conclusions. The journal publishes scientific articles on current issues of the culture, history, language and literature, philosophy, economy and political science of the people and countries of the East. The journal is published 4 times a year, quarterly.</p> <p>The main goals of the scientific journal are as follows: publishing articles on topical issues related to the spiritual, cultural and social life of Uzbekistan, as well as the science of Oriental studies, in particular, the literature, art, culture, education, economy, history, political science and philosophy of the countries of the East.</p> <p><strong>The scope of journal:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong><em>linguistics,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>literary studies,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>history, </em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>philosophy,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>translation studies, </em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>source studies and textual studies,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>world politics and international relations,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>economy,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>scientific information,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>reviews,</em></strong></li> <li><strong><em>scientific life</em></strong></li> </ul>Tashkent State University of Oriental Studiesen-USSharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies2181-8096<p><strong>Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons XX License... </strong></p>STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHINESE APPLIED ART OF JIANJING
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/605
<p>The article by Professor Akramdzhan Karimov, “Features of the applied art of China - Jiangzhi,” considers the spread of Jiangzhi art in the northern provinces of the PRC. It must be admitted that, unlike the traditional arts of guohua, porcelain making, earthenware and embroidery, we are very poorly informed about the art of jiangzhi. Current article reveals the features of the art of cutting out various ornaments, mythical heroes and beneficial hieroglyphs from paper in the northern provinces of China.</p> <p>The author describes in detail what these features are and how they differ from each other. At the end, the author makes a conclusion and points out the need for further study of the Jiangzhi art of the southern regions of China. The article is written in Uzbek.</p>Akramjon Karimov
Copyright (c) 2025 Akramjon Karimov
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2025-02-132025-02-1330310811910.37547/os/vol-03-03-10THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HU SHI'S LANGUAGE REFORMS IN THE FORMATION OF MODERN CHINESE POETRY
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/596
<ul> <li class="show">Hu Shi (1891-1962) is considered a prominent figure among 20th-century Chinese literary scholars. His literary theories, particularly his perspectives on creating new poetry in the baihua language, played a crucial role in the renewal of Chinese literature. Hu Shi is known for advocating the revitalization of Chinese literary traditions and reshaping them based on modern demands. His reforms profoundly impacted not only the linguistic sphere but also the cultural and social processes of modernization. In the early stages of his career, Hu Shi endeavored to enrich traditional Chinese poetry with modern artistic expressions. However, over time, he shifted his paradigm towards new poetry and vigorously promoted the idea of new democratic and more dialogue-oriented poetry, completely abandoning traditional styles. This process was particularly propelled by the widespread use of baihua in literature, making poetry more accessible to the general public. Hu Shi’s efforts in promoting baihua poetry contributed to the democratization of literature, bringing it closer to the masses and significantly influencing cultural and social processes. His innovations made a crucial contribution to the development of Chinese poetry and literature as a whole.</li> </ul>Ozodjon Ochilov
Copyright (c) 2025 Ozodjon Ochilov
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2025-02-122025-02-1230311010.37547/os/vol-03-03-01 FACTORS AFFECTING POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF WOMEN (IN THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY)
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/612
<p>The level of participation and representation of women in politics around the world is very low. In the Republic of Turkey, we can see that both the level of representation of women in the political sphere and the share of women in high management positions are lower than in other developed countries of the world. In this context, this study first explains the concepts of politics, political participation and women's political participation in a conceptual way, and then discusses the factors influencing women's political participation and the practices that serve to ensure women's active participation.</p>Mashhura Normayeva
Copyright (c) 2025 Mashhura Normayeva
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2025-02-142025-02-1430320721810.37547/os/vol-03-03-17EXPERIENCE OF USING INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING SCIENCES IN INDIA
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/603
<p>The article deals with multimedia technologies, which are one of the promising areas of informatization of the educational process in the world, and the successful implementation of these modern information technologies in education makes it possible to use software and methods, improve the material and technical base, as well as improve the qualifications of professors and teachers. Information technology is one of the most important aspects of the educational system of developed countries, which greatly contributes to the effectiveness of their educational process. In particular, information virtual education plays a special role in ensuring the quality of the educational process.The main objective of the article is to analyze advanced educational technologies used in Indian universities and evaluate lessons based on virtual educational technologies, the use of information and communication technologies in the educational process, the latest achievements of modern methods of organizing the educational process, professional competence and creativity of the teacher, the global Internet , multimedia systems and methods of teaching new knowledge, skills and competencies.</p>Muhayyo Abdurakhmonova
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhayyo Abdurakhmonova
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2025-02-132025-02-13303879310.37547/os/vol-03-03-08 MODERN HISTORY OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF CENTRAL ASIAN STATES
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/610
<p>In the realm of international relations, Central Asia has emerged as a region of increasing significance, marked by a complex web of diplomatic interactions and strategic partnerships. This scientific article delves into the intricate aspects of diplomatic relations among the Central Asian states, shedding light on the historical evolution and contemporary dynamics shaping this crucial geopolitical landscape. Specifically, the article explores the stages of diplomatic development in Uzbekistan, a key player in the region, and examines the foundations of regional cooperation in Central Asia. It delves into the internal challenges faced by the regional states in their quest for integration, as well as the unique geopolitical features that define their interactions. Moreover, the article delves into the factors that impede cooperation between Central Asian states, including the influence of external forces on regional dynamics. It also highlights the pivotal role played by Uzbekistan in fostering regional cooperation and elucidates the ways in which Uzbekistan’s interests intersect with broader regional processes. By unpacking these multifaceted dimensions, this article offers a comprehensive understanding of the modern history of diplomatic relations in Central Asia.</p>Javlon Abdullayev
Copyright (c) 2025 Javlon Abdullayev
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2025-02-132025-02-1330317518710.37547/os/vol-03-03-15ISSUES OF THE CONCEPT OF "NATIONAL COLOR" IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/601
<p>Although the history of the science of translation goes back to the past, the development of special disciplinary measures began not so long ago, but theoretical views, arguments, opinions and reasoning about translations existed before.</p> <p>This article contains a reference to a part of translation studies - the concept of “national color”, one of the most pressing topics of our time, and the interpretation promoting it by famous linguists and translation scientists, living and working in different eras; the views of scientists are mentioned, and are currently implementing . research on this topic. The fact that there are scientists should be understood under the term nationality.</p> <p>The article establishes that this topic was relevant many years ago and already at the time when scientific research was carried out on issues of nationality.</p> <p>In addition, this article is based on definitions and data presented by scientists about the understanding of “historical color,” which is a consistent part of the national color, and is its main component.</p>Mohira Umarova Shahnoza Yakubova
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohira Umarova , Shahnoza Yakubova
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2025-02-132025-02-13303596610.37547/os/vol-03-03-06GEOSOCIAL SITUATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE MODERN STATE OF ENSURING STABILITY IN THE CENTRAL ASIA REGION
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/618
<p>In the international arena, we can observe that the development of events occurs in accordance with time and processes. If we analyze the political aspects of the evolution of the international relations system, a development trend is always observed in one form or another. The order of international relations is established by the "actors" of international relations who are politically and economically strong, and it operates for a certain period before giving way to the next order.</p> <p>This article discusses the formation of geopolitical views as a science using inductive and deductive analysis and discussion. The modern state of scholars' opinions on the main categories of geopolitics is studied in the context of regions, considering Uzbekistan's national interests.</p> <p>The sections and stages of the development of geopolitics are studied in the chronological context of the development of the international relations system, and their connection with current processes is shown.</p> <p>Modern geopolitical views began to spread actively during the Cold War. The influence of the main directions of all mondialist projects on the wide dissemination of "democratic," "humanistic," and "progressive" values and the transition to a single world system under the strategic priority of the West on the Central Asian region is considered.</p> <p>A comparative analysis of the views of Western and Eastern geopolitical schools and their current significance is discussed. The place of geopolitical views in international relations systems is also considered, and proposals for conducting stable political and geopolitical activities in Uzbekistan's international relations are put forward. Various views are presented on the modern influence of a number of Western views that emerged after World War II on the Central Asian region, as well as considerations on mitigating their negative consequences based on Uzbekistan's national interests.</p>Javlon Abdurasulov
Copyright (c) 2025 Javlon Abdurasulov
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2025-02-142025-02-1430328430010.37547/os/vol-03-03-22POLITICAL SPEECH AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLICITY
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/608
<p>This article deals with political speech and its meaning, the role of a speechwriter in preparing public speeches, as well as the impact of a prepared speech on the public. In it, in particular, speech is considered as an important element of mutual communication and social relations, playing a special role in the sustainable development of the state and society. It is argued that a speechwriter must be able to understand and feel people's moods, their hopes and goals, and also take into account the place and importance of each word and sentence.</p>Saidkhon SaidolimovNurali Ulug'ov
Copyright (c) 2025 Saidkhon Saidolimov, Nurali Ulug'ov
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2025-02-132025-02-1330315116110.37547/os/vol-03-03-13PRINCIPLES OF ARTISTIC REFLECTION OF LIFE IN THE WORKS OF RANHAVARD ZARYOB
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/599
<table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="408"> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong> Modern Afghan narrative literature, in particular, images created with artistic language and artistic imagery, enriched with the practical work of Rahnavard Zaryob's works, brought Afghan narrative to a new level of quality. The use of various artistic tools, creative experiences, and aesthetic views for an interesting and truthful reflection of the colorful reality of life is an important factor in the creation of significant works. The heroes of Rahnavard Zaryob's stories are destinies who have been oppressed and tormented a lot in life, and whose hearts are full of dreams. This approach allows to fully perceive the emotions of the hero, to study them with deep understanding, to evaluate people's behavior based on their living conditions and moral examples. Zaryob Darizaban can abandon the artistic restrictions that have long been established in literature, which prevent the exaggeration of the hero's psyche in all aspects. That is why his stories do not leave the reader indifferent, regardless of whether the characters are portrayed as pleasant or unpleasant characters. The reader is affected by the fate of these characters, feels sympathy for them, and does not even notice that he has moved to their spiritual world. It can be seen that the commonality in the image of the difficult and helplessness of people's fate in the stories of Rahnavard Zaryob is the reason for the closeness in the image of the characters. The writer turns such people in life into an artistic image, whose worries, suffering, and unhappiness may be worse than each other's, but not less. In particular, the writer is interested in the study of the psyche and life of such people in life. In the narrative genre, it is easier to describe the changes in the character of the hero, to reflect it in direct connection with the era, compared to works of other genres. As we know, the narrative genre has been the avant-garde in the direct artistic interpretation of the most urgent problems of the time. The compactness of the size and many other conveniences of the genre have created a full opportunity for this.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>Nargiza Kabirova
Copyright (c) 2025 Nargiza Kabirova
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2025-02-122025-02-12303274010.37547/os/vol-03-03-04STRATEGIC APPROACHES OF RUSSIA AND CHINA VIS-A-VIS CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/616
<p>The nexus between Central and South Asia holds a significant position within the foreign policy agenda of the Republic of Uzbekistan, necessitating a meticulous and scholarly examination. Beyond Afghanistan, Kashmir, and several internal factors, the involvement of external actors plays a crucial role in this connectivity, notably the major powers of the Eurasian continent such as Russia and China. The objective of the article is to scrutinize the approaches of Russia and China toward the relationship between the Central and South Asian regions.</p> <p>The initial segment of the article delves into the Russian perspective on the Central-South Asia dynamic, concluding that Russian interests largely align with those of the Central Asian countries in this context. Furthermore, it is inferred that Russia’s interests stem from the exportation of oil and gas to the South Asian market.</p> <p>Subsequently, the author examines China’s stance on the Central Asia-South Asia relationship, asserting that Beijing perceives this association through frameworks such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), C+C5, Belt and Road Initiative, and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).</p> <p>Employing a comparative methodology, the author endeavors to identify similarities and disparities in the approaches of Russia and China toward regional connectivity. The author’s insights may prove beneficial to the endeavors of the country’s foreign policy academic circles.</p>Islomkhon Gafarov
Copyright (c) 2025 Islomkhon Gafarov
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2025-02-142025-02-1430325626810.37547/os/vol-03-03-20MIRZO MUHAMMAD RAHIMBEK AND HIS WORK “MEMORIALS”
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/120-137
<p>The article analyzes the book “Memories” written by Mirzo Muhammad Rahimbek (1902-1977), son of Mirzo Salimbek (1848-1930), a famous representative of Bukhara historiography, as a historical source. The information in the work sheds light on some ambiguities in the life of Mirzo Rahimbek, the events of the time he lived, and the last years of Mirzo Salimbek’s life. In particular, the biography of Mirza Rahimbek is covered in detail for the first time. Based on the "Memories", unclear questions regarding the Mirzo Salimbek’s experiences from 1920 to his death and the history of death are clarified. Also, in connection with the author’s life experience, the events of the former Bukhara Emirate of the 20-60s of the last century and partially related to the history of Tashkent were described.</p> <p>In the work, research on the topic was used as an auxiliary source, and the source significance of “Memories” was emphasized. This work is described for the first time from the point of view of source studies and a table of contents has been compiled based on its contents. As a result of the analysis of the information presented in the “Memoirs”, it turned out that the works written in the “Memoirs” section have a large role in the development of Eastern historiography, in particular, knowledge about history.</p>Fayzullo FaromarziMalohat Vohidova
Copyright (c) 2025 Fayzullo Faromarzi, Malohat Vohidova
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2025-02-132025-02-1330310.37547/os/vol-03-03-11NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION ― IN THE REPRESENTATION OF AN ARABIC LITERARY CHARACTER
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/597
<p>This article explores the theme of national identity and its reflection in the characters of Arabic literature, examining both classical and contemporary works. Through extensive research in literature and cultural studies, the author delves deeply into the mechanisms of formation and development of national identity through literary characters, revealing various ways of understanding and expressing national self-awareness. The paper also investigates how changes in cultural and social contexts affect the charactersʼ nature and their role in national identification. Based on literary analysis and critical reflection, the article illuminates the dynamic essence of national identity within the complex network of cultural and social relationships, providing readers with a profound understanding of the rich and diverse world of Arabic literature.</p>Khilola Yuldasheva
Copyright (c) 2025 Khilola Yuldasheva
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2025-02-122025-02-12303111610.37547/os/vol-03-03-02 CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: FRATERNAL TIES BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND AZERBAIJAN
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/613
<ul> <li class="show">This article aims to examine the fraternal ties between Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan in the context of cultural diplomacy. With their shared Turkic heritage, the two countries have historically demonstrated a robust engagement in domains such as language, art, and literature. In the contemporary era, these ties have been reinvigorated through the conduit of cultural diplomacy. By fostering collaboration in education, the arts, and cultural activities, the two nations have reinforced the bonds between their respective peoples, while fortifying the solidarity within the Turkic community. Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan serve as pivotal actors in the transmission of their cultural legacy to future generations.</li> </ul>Medihanur Argali
Copyright (c) 2025 Medihanur Argali
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2025-02-142025-02-1430321924010.37547/os/vol-03-03-18LEXICAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL MOTTOES CREATED BY CHINESE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/604
<p>Modality exists in each of the different levels of units of the language system. The morphological system is a part of units of different levels. Modality is a functional-semantic category of this sentence expressed by different means. The category of inclination (subordination) is a morphological category of the verb and is one of the means of expressing modality. In linguistics, the concept of modality is broader than that of the verb.</p> <p>The category of inclination is a morphological category of a separate verb for expressing modal meanings, and is one of the means of expressing modality. In linguistics, the concept of modality is broader than the category of the mood of the verb. This is a functional-semantic category, which is represented by two subtypes: reality modality and reality modality.</p> <p>The imperative form semantically expresses a call to action, an urge to the listener. In addition, the imperative mood includes not only imperative sentence forms, but also propositional sentence forms.</p> <p>The form of the indicative mood is semantically wide: its specific meanings are realized only in certain contextual conditions through different lexical-syntactic environments. At the same time, it should be noted that the leading modal meaning of this form is the correspondence of the content of the speech to the reality established by the speaker.</p> <p>Modality (from Latin modalis - modal, from Latin modus - measure, method) is a semantic category that expresses the attitude of the speaker to the content of his speech, the goal setting of the speech, the relationship of the content of the speech.</p> <p>Modality is a component of persuasive speech tactics. In persuading the addressee, the addressee can use both epistemic and optative methods. The choice of modality is reflected in the effectiveness of achieving the goal set by the speaker - to influence the interlocutor and convince him to accept the stated point of view.</p> <p>In linguistics, there are different semantic classifications of sentences with stimulus modality, and none of them takes into account all types of command constructions. Neither vocabulary nor grammar can prevail in the formation of a sentence. Together, they can clarify the purpose and meaning of the sentence.</p>Bobur Giyasov
Copyright (c) 2025 Bobur Giyasov
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2025-02-132025-02-133039410710.37547/os/vol-03-03-09THE ROLE OF ENERGY SECURITY IN THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN - PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA RELATIONS
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/611
<p>This study examines China's implementation of energy diplomacy to ensure smooth access to raw materials while maintaining its market dominance and production capacity within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. Energy security emerges as a critical factor for maintaining China’s global influence, with Kazakhstan's energy resources and strategic location drawing significant Chinese attention. The paper analyzes China’s energy security strategies, particularly in the context of its relations with Kazakhstan, from logistical, national security, geopolitical, physical security, market, and sustainability perspectives. The hypothesis posits that energy security must be supported not only through economic and cultural relations but also through political and military engagements. The study explores three models proposed by Chinese scholar Fon Tintin and references Richard Weitz’s strategies for China’s energy security, applying these models to the Kazakhstan case study. Utilizing qualitative research methods and a literature review, this analysis covers developments from 1991 to 2021.</p>Güngör ŞahinIsmail Polat
Copyright (c) 2025 Güngör Şahin, Ismail Polat
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2025-02-142025-02-1430318820610.37547/os/vol-03-03-16COMPARATIVE STUDY OF «KIFAYATU-N-NAHV FI ILMI-L-E’RĀB» AND «AL-UNMUZAJ»
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/602
<p>One of the famous works about the grammar of the Arabic language is Makhmud az-Zamakhshari’s commentary “Unmuzaj” written on his work “Mufassal”. The work “Kifayatu-n-nahv fi ilmi-l-e’'rāb” by Ziyaviddin Makki Khorezmi, which is considered the basis of our research, being disagree with some views of the that the work is the commentary of “Unmuzaj”, and proves that “Kifayatu-n-nahv fi ilmi-l-e’'rāb” is an independent work, referring to encyclopedic works and about it. In the course of the research, it was found that Western scholars noted that the work “Kifayatu-n-nahv fi ilmi-l-e’rāb” is a commentary of “Unmuzaj”. However, the Iranian scientist Agha Buzruk says that he has seen this work, emphasizing that it is an independent work. Allama Haji Khalifa states that this work is written in the style of his commentary, while in one work it is called Unmuzaj’s commentary. Haji Khalifa did not refer to this work as a complete commentary or a completely independent work. We found information on the first page of some manuscripts taken from Iranian libraries that “this work is written in the style of the “Unmuzaj” commentary” and we compared these two works. When we looked at the topics, we saw many similarities. Continuing the work, we added other grammar books to the task of comparative analysis. In other works, there were cases close to this idea, and it was observed that the Nahv books of that time were similar in all their features. It can be seen that the similarities between the two works are natural, and there are some differences in the definition, examples, sequence, and methods of expression of the rules on various topics given in the work. Although these differences do not mean that the work is a book of a completely different direction, it means that the author of the work has his own view on each topic. The chapter of the book “Expression of revolutions in the theme of complex sentences in an absolutely contradictory way” is evidence that this is an independent work with a personal style. Taking into account that according to the tradition, the text of “Unmuzaj” was not cited and the author did not mention the opinions of his mentor when explaining a topic, if the notes in the manuscripts are accepted without objection, it should be recognized without a doubt that this is an independent work.</p>Mansur Jumaniyazov
Copyright (c) 2025 Mansur Jumaniyazov
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2025-02-132025-02-13303678610.37547/os/vol-03-03-07 EASTERN THINKERS ON THE FORMATION OF THE CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL NEEDS OF THE PERSON
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/619
<p>One of the main aspects of the construction of New Uzbekistan, the concept of building an educational state, is the formation and satisfaction of the cultural and spiritual needs of the individual. Serious scientific research was carried out in this direction by the great Eastern scientists in the Middle Ages. This article analyzes the significance and necessity of that great scientific heritage of our ancestors in the construction of a new spiritual society in modern conditions.</p>Munisa Mavrulova
Copyright (c) 2025 Munisa Mavrulova
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2025-02-142025-02-1430330131110.37547/os/vol-03-03-23THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF US ALLIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND RELATIONS WITH THEM
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/609
<p>The United States has a long history of alliances in Southeast Asia, dating back to the Cold War. These alliances have been a cornerstone of US foreign policy in the region, and they continue to play an important role in maintaining stability and security. The United States has formal alliances with Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore. These alliances are based on mutual defense treaties, which obligate the United States to come to the aid of its allies in the event of an attack. The United States also has close security relationships with other countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The United States’ alliances in Southeast Asia are strategically important for a number of reasons. First, Southeast Asia is a key region for global trade and commerce. The Strait of Malacca, which runs between Malaysia and Indonesia, is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. Second, Southeast Asia is home to a number of important natural resources, such as oil and gas. Third, Southeast Asia is a region of growing economic and political importance. The United States’ alliances in Southeast Asia help to ensure that the region remains stable and secure. This is important for the United States’ economic and security interests. The United States’ alliances also help to promote democracy and human rights in the region.</p>Habibullo Sadibakosev
Copyright (c) 2025 Habibullo Sadibakosev
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2025-02-132025-02-1330316117410.37547/os/vol-03-03-14LINGUISTIC TERMS USED IN THE WORKS OF THE KARAKHANID PERIOD
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/600
<p>As scientific sources testify, early and medieval eastern, in particular, Turkic linguistics were significantly ahead in their development of the level of linguistic knowledge in Europe. This is evidenced by the fact that by this period an integral system of linguistic terms had already been formed in the East, a significant part of which was preserved in written monuments of the Karakhanid period. And what is especially noteworthy is that many of them are of Turkic origin. And in this regard, the merit of linguists, historians and literary figures of this period is invaluable.</p> <p>The lion's share of linguistic terms and requirements for them are inherited by modern Eastern linguistics. However, over time, they nevertheless underwent changes, which affected, first of all, their semantics. In particular, they developed polysemy.</p> <p>This article is devoted to the study of the history of the formation and development of Turkic linguistic terms of the Karakhanid period.</p>Qosimjon Sodiqov
Copyright (c) 2025 Qosimjon Sodiqov
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2025-02-132025-02-13303415810.37547/os/vol-03-03-05FEATURES OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SPECIALISTS
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/617
<p>The article examines in detail the significance of a foreign language in guiding students to professional activities in the field of international relations and diplomacy, as well as the need to develop effective international communication skills and competencies in foreign language teaching.</p> <p>The introductory part of the article highlights the importance of intercultural relations between states and peoples in the system of international relations. The importance of intercultural communication and communication in ensuring peace and strengthening cooperation in different regions of the world is evaluated in the present complex time, when events are rapidly changing. During the last decade, the main requirements for the level and quality of professional training of specialists in the field of international relations are comparatively described.</p> <p>The main part analyzes the important role of the level of knowledge of foreign languages in the success of international cooperation and in the implementation of the tasks assigned to the foreign policy council. The author's experience interprets the importance of constant improvement of existing language skills by diplomats in their maturation and continuous promotion from the diplomatic service level.</p> <p>This part discusses the formation of linguistic, socio-cultural, sociolinguistic and discursive skills in foreign language learning of diplomatic staff.</p> <p>Also, this part describes the need to develop intercultural communication skills in diplomatic activity. In particular, it is noted that differences in mentality lead to speech barriers in the process of communication and negotiations. Therefore, it is analyzed with examples that specialists working in the field of international relations study the socio-cultural environment, customs and traditions of the country whose language is being studied in the process of professional training.</p> <p>The article emphasizes the requirements for translators, the impact of knowledge of existing language dialects on the negotiation process, and the importance of mastering terms specific to the topics under discussion.</p> <p>In the conclusion, it is shown that since a foreign language is not only a means of communication, but also a means of professional activity, the formation of linguistic and social competence in a foreign language, as well as skills and abilities based on knowledge, is a priority in the educational process.</p>Lutfiddin Khodjaev
Copyright (c) 2025 Lutfiddin Khodjaev
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2025-02-142025-02-1430326928310.37547/os/vol-03-03-21IN THE TRAVEL NOTEBOOK “DOU HUAN’S PLACES OF MEMORY” CENTRAL ASIA
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/607
<p>This article is about Du Huan and his travel stories. Du Huan’s guidebook lists the places he visited roughly from east to west. The article shows the route of Du Huan, who traveled from the kingdom of Shosh through the Jenju (Norin) river to the state of Kang, then crossed the Amu Darya from Bukhara and reached Marw, also known as Mugo (穆国) on its southern bank (north of modern Mari in Turkmenistan) and gives information about the events he witnessed. This article also details Du Huan's impressions of the famous Battle of the Talas River between the Arabs and the Tang Dynasty. Du Huan also writes information about paper production in the city of Samarkand. Du Huan’s travelogue contains valuable information about Central Asia and reflects the life of cities, the way of living of the population, political, social and economic situation. The article provides explanations of the names of the countries mentioned in Du Huan’s travelogue. Du Huan was a great explorer who visited many places in the western region and traveled to Central Asia, West Asia, the Mediterranean coast and Africa. This is confirmed by his work “Travel”. The article analyzes Du Huan's visit to the capital of the Abbasid state and Egypt, Nubia and Ethiopia, as well as the opinions of residents about his teaching. This article examines Du Huan's return to the Persian Gulf in 762 to visit Sri Lanka, as well as his return to Guangzhou on a merchant ship in 763, and provides some thoughts and conclusions along these lines.</p>Makhpurat Khubbaliyeva
Copyright (c) 2025 Makhpurat Khubbaliyeva
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2025-02-132025-02-1330313815010.37547/os/vol-03-03-12THE IMPROVEMENT OF NATIONAL COLOR IN THE URDU TRANSLATION OF “BABURNAMA”
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/598
<p>This article provides information about the Urdu translations of the masterpiece «Baburnama» by our great compatriot Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (1483-1530). «Babur¬na¬ma» is known to have been translated into many languages around the world, including four Urdu translations. These translations were made by different translators at different times.</p> <p>«Baburnama» was first translated into Urdu from the original, that is, from the Turkic-Chigatai language, by Mirza Nasiruddin Haydar Koragoni. According to information, this translation was made in 1898, but it was not possible to publish the translation during the author’s lifetime. Later, in 1926, Кoragoni's children published the work in Delhi. The translation of Кoragoni that came into our hands was republished in 1962 by the Book Land publishing house in Karachi.</p> <p>«Baburnama» was also translated by Rashid Akhtar Nadavi. This translation was first published in 1965 and then in 1991 by Sang-e-meel in Lahore, Pakistan and consists of 287 pages. The book has a four-page preface written by the translator and a six-page table of contents.</p> <p>Another Urdu translation of «Baburnama» was made from Persian by Indian Professor Yunus Jafari and this translation was published in England.</p> <p>Another Urdu translation of «Baburnama» was done by Muhammad Qasim Siddiqui. This translation was originally published in Delhi in 1983 by the Taraqqi Urdu Bureau. In 2010, the second, completed edition of this translation was published by Qaumi Council Bara-e-Farogh-e-Urdu Zaban in Delhi. Professor Muhammad Hamidullah Bhat wrote the foreword to it.</p> <p>The translations by Yunus Jafari, Rashid Akhtar Nadavi and Muhammad Qasim Siddiqui are indirect translations from Persian.</p> <p>In the masterpiece of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur «Baburnama» there are many nationally specific words-realities in the description of geographical areas, literary portraits, names of people, natural landscapes, musical instruments, clothing, as well as the world of animals and plants. This article presents a comparative analysis of Mirza Nasiruddin Haydar Koragoni's translation of national color, national characteristic words, as well as the features of the author's style in translation.</p> Mukhlisa Sharakhmеtova
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2025-02-122025-02-123031727FOUNDATIONS OF "GREEN THEORY" AND APPROACHES TO IT IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
https://www.orientalstudies.uz/index.php/os/article/view/615
<p>Environmental problems caused by the two world wars and the damage caused to the earth as a result of the rapid development of industrialization are showing their consequences today. After the end of the Cold War, environmental problems became one of the topics that needed to be discussed. However, the issue of taking this issue seriously at the international and political level and taking the necessary measures is still open. Because now it is becoming clear that environmental problems cannot be solved at the local level only on the territory of one country or region. Some of the most industrialized countries are also major contributors to pollution (carbon dioxide and methane) that have a significant impact on climate change and cause global warming. Another effect of this climate change can be seen in higher air temperatures, changes in seasons and land expansion. Therefore, it is possible to prevent it from becoming an irreparable disaster only by approaching environmental issues on a global scale, by conducting scientific research and applying measures within the framework of international cooperation.</p> <p>In international relations, scientists are developing various approaches to study the political significance of issues related to the field of ecology and problems related to the field, to find solutions to them, and to consolidate them in the "green theory". Considering that it is impossible to solve the issue of ecology from one side, the experts came to the conclusion that it is necessary to look at it from the point of view of economy, energy, industry, education and other fields and conduct scientific research. Based on these, the article examines and scientifically analyzes approaches to "green theory" and their experiences of other countries and international and regional, as well as non-governmental organizations. Due to the fact that the direction of ecology is relatively new in international relations, finding a fair solution to its problems requires the coordination of international relations with other directions.</p>Gulmira Bekdurdiyeva
Copyright (c) 2025 Gulmira Bekdurdiyeva
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2025-02-142025-02-1430324125510.37547/os/vol-03-03-19